Great Perm Governance in the Late 16th – Early 17th Century: From Administrators to Voivodes

The low countries - 16th/17th century.

Andreas Vesalius and Jan Baptist Van Helmont are the two major personalities who contributed substantially and in a different way to the early development of renal anatomy/physiology of the 16th/17th century in the Southern Low Countries. The importance of A. Vesalius' publication 'de humani corporis fabrica libri septem' cannot be overestimated. The kidney was an intriguing organ to Vesalius, ...

The Sociolinguistics of DO NOT in the 16th and 17th Century

Reconstructing early 17th century estuarine drought conditions from Jamestown oysters.

Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were a central component of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem in 1607 when European settlers established Jamestown, VA, the first permanent English settlement in North America. These estuarine bivalves were an important food resource during the early years of the James Fort (Jamestown) settlement while the colonists were struggling to survive in the face of inadequate...

Rigging an Early 17th – Century Portuguese Indiaman

The Pepper Wreck is an early 17th Century nau da India, the first Portuguese Indiaman ever to be excavated by archaeologists, and it is believed to be the remains of the Nossa Senhora dos Mártires, lost on the Tagus River sandbar, Portugal, in 1606. The archaeological remains yielded enough information to allow a tentative reconstruction of the hull and rigging. A series of tests was performed ...

Anomalous solar rotation in the early 17th century.

The character of solar rotation has been examined for two periods in the early 17th century for which detailed sunspot drawings are available: A.D. 1625 through 1626 and 1642 through 1644. The first period occurred 20 years before the start of the Maunder sunspot minimum, 1645 through 1715; the second occurred just at its commencement. Solar rotation in the earlier period was much like that of ...